futex

The uaddr argument points to the futex word. On all platforms, futexes are four-byte integers that must be aligned on a four-byte boundary. The operation to perform on the futex is specified in the futex_op argument; val is a value whose meaning and purpose depends on futex_op.

The remaining arguments (timeout, uaddr2, and val3) are required only for certain of the futex operations described below. Where one of these arguments is not required, it is ignored.

For several blocking operations, the timeout argument is a pointer to a timespec structure that specifies a timeout for the operation. However,  notwithstanding the prototype shown above, for some operations, the least significant four bytes of this argument are instead used as an integer whose meaning is determined by the operation. For these operations, the kernel casts the timeout value first to unsigned long, then to uint32_t, and in the remainder of this page, this argument is referred to as val2 when interpreted in this fashion.

Where it is required, the uaddr2 argument is a pointer to a second futex word that is employed by the operation.

The interpretation of the final integer argument, val3, depends on the operation.

The futex_op argument consists of two parts: a command that specifies the operation to be performed, bit-wise ORed with zero or more options that modify the behaviour of the operation. The options that may be included in futex_op are as follows:

FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG (since Linux 2.6.22)

This option bit can be employed with all futex operations. It tells the kernel that the futex is process-private and not shared with another process (i.e., it is being used for synchronization only between threads of the same process). This allows the kernel to make some additional performance optimizations.

As a convenience, <linux/futex.h> defines a set of constants with the suffix _PRIVATE that are equivalents of all of the operations listed below, but with the FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG ORed into the constant value. Thus, there are FUTEX_WAIT_PRIVATE, FUTEX_WAKE_PRIVATE, and so on.

FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME (since Linux 2.6.28)

This option bit can be employed only with the FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET, FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI, and (since Linux 4.5) FUTEX_WAIT operations.

If this option is set, the kernel measures the timeout against the CLOCK_REALTIME clock.

If this option is not set, the kernel measures the timeout against the CLOCK_MONOTONIC clock.

The operation specified in futex_op is one of the following:

FUTEX_WAIT (since Linux 2.6.0)

This operation tests that the value at the futex word pointed to by the address uaddr still contains the expected value val, and if so, then sleeps waiting for a FUTEX_WAKE operation on the futex word. The load of the value of the futex word is an atomic memory access (i.e., using atomic machine instructions of the respective architecture). This load, the comparison with the expected value, and starting to sleep are performed atomically and totally ordered with respect to other futex operations on the same futex word. If the thread starts to sleep, it is considered a waiter on this futex word. If the futex value does not match val, then the call fails immediately with the error EAGAIN.

The purpose of the comparison with the expected value is to prevent lost wake-ups. If another thread changed the value of the futex word after the calling thread decided to block based on the prior value, and if the other thread executed a FUTEX_WAKE operation (or similar wake-up) after the value change and before this FUTEX_WAIT operation, then the calling thread will observe the value change and will not start to sleep.

If the timeout is not NULL, the structure it points to specifies a timeout for the wait. (This interval will be rounded up to the system clock granularity, and is guaranteed not to expire early.) The timeout is by default measured according to the CLOCK_MONOTONIC clock, but, since Linux 4.5, the CLOCK_REALTIME clock can be selected by specifying FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME in futex_op. If timeout is NULL, the call blocks indefinitely.

Note: for FUTEX_WAIT, timeout is interpreted as a relative value. This differs from other futex operations, where timeout is interpreted as an absolute value. To obtain the equivalent of FUTEX_WAIT with an absolute timeout, employ FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET with val3 specified as FUTEX_BITSET_MATCH_ANY.

The arguments uaddr2 and val3 are ignored.

FUTEX_WAKE (since Linux 2.6.0)

This operation wakes at most val of the waiters that are waiting (e.g., inside FUTEX_WAIT) on the futex word at the address uaddr. Most commonly, val is specified as either 1 (wake up a single waiter) or INT_MAX (wake up all waiters). No guarantee is provided about which waiters are awoken (e.g., a waiter with a higher scheduling priority is not guaranteed to be awoken in preference to a waiter with a lower priority).

The arguments timeout, uaddr2, and val3 are ignored.

FUTEX_FD (from Linux 2.6.0 up to and including Linux 2.6.25)

This operation creates a file descriptor that is associated with the futex at uaddr. The caller must close the returned file descriptor after use. When another process or thread performs a FUTEX_WAKE on the futex word, the file descriptor indicates as being readable with select(2), poll(2), and epoll(7)

The file descriptor can be used to obtain asynchronous notifications: if val is nonzero, then, when another process or thread executes a FUTEX_WAKE, the caller will receive the signal number that was passed in val.

The arguments timeout, uaddr2 and val3 are ignored.

Because it was inherently racy, FUTEX_FD has been removed from Linux 2.6.26 onward.

FUTEX_REQUEUE (since Linux 2.6.0)

This operation performs the same task as FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE (see below), except that no check is made using the value in val3. (The argument val3 is ignored.)

FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE (since Linux 2.6.7)

This operation first checks whether the location uaddr still contains the value val3. If not, the operation fails with the error EAGAIN. Otherwise, the operation wakes up a maximum of val waiters that are waiting on the futex at uaddr. If there are more than val waiters, then the remaining waiters are removed from the wait queue of the source futex at uaddr and added to the wait queue of the target futex at uaddr2. The val2 argument specifies an upper limit on the number of waiters that are requeued to the futex at uaddr2.

The load from uaddr is an atomic memory access (i.e., using atomic machine instructions of the respective architecture). This load, the comparison with val3, and the requeueing of any waiters are performed atomically and totally ordered with respect to other operations on the same futex word.

Typical values to specify for val are 0 or 1. (Specifying INT_MAX is not useful, because it would make the FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE operation equivalent to FUTEX_WAKE.) The limit value specified via val2 is typically either 1 or INT_MAX. (Specifying the argument as 0 is not useful, because it would make the FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE operation equivalent to FUTEX_WAIT.)

The FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE operation was added as a replacement for the earlier FUTEX_REQUEUE. The difference is that the check of the value at uaddr can be used to ensure that requeueing happens only under certain conditions, which allows race conditions to be avoided in certain use cases.

Both FUTEX_REQUEUE and FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE can be used to avoid "thundering herd" wake-ups that could occur when using FUTEX_WAKE in cases where all of the waiters that are woken need to acquire another futex. Consider the following scenario, where multiple waiter threads are waiting on B, a wait queue implemented using a futex:

lock(A)
while (!check_value(V)) {
    unlock(A);
    block_on(B);
    lock(A);
};
unlock(A);

If a waker thread used FUTEX_WAKE, then all waiters waiting on B would be woken up, and they would all try to acquire lock A. However, waking all of the threads in this manner would be pointless because all except one of the threads would immediately block on lock A again. By contrast, a requeue operation wakes just one waiter and moves the other waiters to lock A, and when the woken waiter unlocks A then the next waiter can proceed.

FUTEX_WAKE_OP (since Linux 2.6.14)

This operation was added to support some user-space use cases where more than one futex must be handled at the same time. The most notable example is the implementation of pthread_cond_signal(3), which requires operations on two futexes, the one used to implement the mutex and the one used in the implementation of the wait queue associated with the condition variable. FUTEX_WAKE_OP allows such cases to be implemented without leading to high rates of contention and context switching.

The FUTEX_WAKE_OP operation is equivalent to executing the following code atomically and totally ordered with respect to other futex operations on any of the two supplied futex words:

int oldval = *(int *) uaddr2;
*(int *) uaddr2 = oldval op oparg;
futex(uaddr, FUTEX_WAKE, val, 0, 0, 0);
if (oldval cmp cmparg)
    futex(uaddr2, FUTEX_WAKE, val2, 0, 0, 0);

In other words, FUTEX_WAKE_OP does the following:

• saves the original value of the futex word at uaddr2 and performs an operation to modify the value of the futex at uaddr2; this is an atomic read-modify-write memory access (i.e., using atomic machine instructions of the respective architecture)
• wakes up a maximum of val waiters on the futex for the futex word at uaddr; and
• dependent on the results of a test of the original value of the futex word at uaddr2, wakes up a maximum of val2 waiters on the futex for the futex word at uaddr2.

The operation and comparison that are to be performed are encoded in the bits of the argument val3. Pictorially, the encoding is:

+---+---+-----------+-----------+
|op |cmp|   oparg   |  cmparg   |
+---+---+-----------+-----------+
  4   4       12          12    <== # of bits

Expressed in code, the encoding is:

#define FUTEX_OP(op, oparg, cmp, cmparg) \
                (((op & 0xf) << 28) | \
                ((cmp & 0xf) << 24) | \
                ((oparg & 0xfff) << 12) | \
                (cmparg & 0xfff))

In the above, op and cmp are each one of the codes listed below. The oparg and cmparg components are literal numeric values, except as noted below.

The op component has one of the following values:

FUTEX_OP_SET        0  /* uaddr2 = oparg; */
FUTEX_OP_ADD        1  /* uaddr2 += oparg; */
FUTEX_OP_OR         2  /* uaddr2 |= oparg; */
FUTEX_OP_ANDN       3  /* uaddr2 &= ~oparg; */
FUTEX_OP_XOR        4  /* uaddr2 ^= oparg; */

In addition, bit-wise ORing the following value into op causes (1 << oparg) to be used as the operand:

FUTEX_OP_ARG_SHIFT  8  /* Use (1 << oparg) as operand */

The cmp field is one of the following:

FUTEX_OP_CMP_EQ     0  /* if (oldval == cmparg) wake */
FUTEX_OP_CMP_NE     1  /* if (oldval != cmparg) wake */
FUTEX_OP_CMP_LT     2  /* if (oldval < cmparg) wake */
FUTEX_OP_CMP_LE     3  /* if (oldval <= cmparg) wake */
FUTEX_OP_CMP_GT     4  /* if (oldval > cmparg) wake */
FUTEX_OP_CMP_GE     5  /* if (oldval >= cmparg) wake */

The return value of FUTEX_WAKE_OP is the sum of the number of waiters woken on the futex uaddr plus the number of waiters woken on the futex uaddr2.

FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET (since Linux 2.6.25)

This operation is like FUTEX_WAIT except that val3 is used to provide a 32-bit bit mask to the kernel. This bit mask, in which at least one bit must be set, is stored in the kernel-internal state of the waiter. See the description of FUTEX_WAKE_BITSET for further details.

If timeout is not NULL, the structure it points to specifies an absolute timeout for the wait operation. If timeout is NULL, the operation can block indefinitely.

The uaddr2 argument is ignored.

FUTEX_WAKE_BITSET (since Linux 2.6.25)

This operation is the same as FUTEX_WAKE except that the val3 argument is used to provide a 32-bit bit mask to the kernel. This bit mask, in which at least one bit must be set, is used to select which waiters should be woken up. The selection is done by a bit-wise AND of the "wake" bit mask (i.e., the value in val3) and the bit mask which is stored in the kernel-internal state of the waiter (the "wait" bit mask that is set using FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET). All of the waiters for which the result of the AND is nonzero are woken up; the remaining waiters are left sleeping.

The effect of FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET and FUTEX_WAKE_BITSET is to allow selective wake-ups among multiple waiters that are blocked on the same futex. However, note that, depending on the use case, employing this bit-mask multiplexing feature on a futex can be less efficient than simply using multiple futexes, because employing bit-mask multiplexing requires the kernel to check all waiters on a futex, including those that are not interested in being woken up (i.e., they do not have the relevant bit set in their "wait" bit mask).

The constant FUTEX_BITSET_MATCH_ANY, which corresponds to all 32 bits set in the bit mask, can be used as the val3 argument for FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET and FUTEX_WAKE_BITSET. Other than differences in the handling of the timeout argument, the FUTEX_WAIT operation is equivalent to FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET with val3 specified as FUTEX_BITSET_MATCH_ANY; that is, allow a wake-up by any waker. The FUTEX_WAKE operation is equivalent to FUTEX_WAKE_BITSET with val3 specified as FUTEX_BITSET_MATCH_ANY; that is, wake up any waiter(s).

The uaddr2 and timeout arguments are ignored.

Linux supports priority-inheritance (PI) futexes in order to handle priority-inversion problems that can be encountered with normal futex locks. Priority inversion is the problem that occurs when a high-priority task is blocked waiting to acquire a lock held by a low-priority task, while tasks at an intermediate priority continuously preempt the low-priority task from the CPU. Consequently, the low-priority task makes no progress toward releasing the lock, and the high-priority task remains blocked.

Priority inheritance is a mechanism for dealing with the priority-inversion problem. With this mechanism, when a high-priority task becomes blocked by a lock held by a low-priority task, the priority of the low-priority task is temporarily raised to that of the high-priority task, so that it is not preempted by any intermediate level tasks, and can thus make progress toward releasing the lock. To be effective, priority inheritance must be transitive, meaning that if a high-priority task blocks on a lock held by a lower-priority task that is itself blocked by a lock held by another intermediate-priority task (and so on, for chains of arbitrary length), then both of those tasks (or more generally, all of the tasks in a lock chain) have their priorities raised to be the same as the high-priority task.

From a user-space perspective, what makes a futex PI-aware is a policy agreement (described below) between user space and the kernel about the value of the futex word, coupled with the use of the PI-futex operations described below. (Unlike the other futex operations described above, the PI-futex operations are designed for the implementation of very specific IPC mechanisms.)

The PI-futex operations described below differ from the other futex operations in that they impose policy on the use of the value of the futex word:

• If the lock is not acquired, the futex word's value shall be 0.
• If the lock is acquired, the futex word's value shall be the thread ID (TID; see gettid(2)) of the owning thread.

• If the lock is owned and there are threads contending for the lock, then the FUTEX_WAITERS bit shall be set in the futex word's value; in other words, this value is:

     FUTEX_WAITERS | TID

  (Note that is invalid for a PI futex word to have no owner and FUTEX_WAITERS set.)

With this policy in place, a user-space application can acquire an unacquired lock or release a lock using atomic instructions executed in user mode (e.g., a compare-and-swap operation such as cmpxchg on the x86 architecture). Acquiring a lock simply consists of using compare-and-swap to atomically set the futex word's value to the caller's TID if its previous value was 0. Releasing a lock requires using compare-and-swap to set the futex word's value to 0 if the previous value was the expected TID.

If a futex is already acquired (i.e., has a nonzero value), waiters must employ the FUTEX_LOCK_PI operation to acquire the lock. If other threads are waiting for the lock, then the FUTEX_WAITERS bit is set in the futex value; in this case, the lock owner must employ the FUTEX_UNLOCK_PI operation to release the lock.

In the cases where callers are forced into the kernel (i.e., required to perform a futex() call), they then deal directly with a so-called RT-mutex, a kernel locking mechanism which implements the required priority-inheritance semantics. After the RT-mutex is acquired, the futex value is updated accordingly, before the calling thread returns to user space.

It is important to note that the kernel will update the futex word's value prior to returning to user space. (This prevents the possibility of the futex word's value ending up in an invalid state, such as having an owner but the value being 0, or having waiters but not having the FUTEX_WAITERS bit set.)

If a futex has an associated RT-mutex in the kernel (i.e., there are blocked waiters) and the owner of the futex/RT-mutex dies unexpectedly, then the kernel cleans up the RT-mutex and hands it over to the next waiter. This in turn requires that the user-space value is updated accordingly. To indicate that this is required, the kernel sets the FUTEX_OWNER_DIED bit in the futex word along with the thread ID of the new owner. User space can detect this situation via the presence of the FUTEX_OWNER_DIED bit and is then responsible for cleaning up the stale state left over by the dead owner.

PI futexes are operated on by specifying one of the values listed below in futex_op. Note that the PI futex operations must be used as paired operations and are subject to some additional requirements:

• FUTEX_LOCK_PI and FUTEX_TRYLOCK_PI pair with FUTEX_UNLOCK_PI. FUTEX_UNLOCK_PI must be called only on a futex owned by the calling thread, as defined by the value policy, otherwise the error EPERM results.
• FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI pairs with FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI. This must be performed from a non-PI futex to a distinct PI futex (or the error EINVAL results). Additionally, val (the number of waiters to be woken) must be 1 (or the error EINVAL results).

The PI futex operations are as follows:

FUTEX_LOCK_PI (since Linux 2.6.18)

This operation is used after an attempt to acquire the lock via an atomic user-mode instruction failed because the futex word has a nonzero value—specifically, because it contained the (PID-namespace-specific) TID of the lock owner.

The operation checks the value of the futex word at the address uaddr. If the value is 0, then the kernel tries to atomically set the futex value to the caller's TID. If the futex word's value is nonzero, the kernel atomically sets the FUTEX_WAITERS bit, which signals the futex owner that it cannot unlock the futex in user space atomically by setting the futex value to 0. After that, the kernel:

1. Tries to find the thread which is associated with the owner TID.
2. Creates or reuses kernel state on behalf of the owner. (If this is the first waiter, there is no kernel state for this futex, so kernel state is created by locking the RT-mutex and the futex owner is made the owner of the RT-mutex. If there are existing waiters, then the existing state is reused.)
3. Attaches the waiter to the futex (i.e., the waiter is enqueued on the RT-mutex waiter list).

If more than one waiter exists, the enqueueing of the waiter is in descending priority order. (For information on priority ordering, see the discussion of the SCHED_DEADLINE, SCHED_FIFO, and SCHED_RR scheduling policies in sched(7).) The owner inherits either the waiter's CPU bandwidth (if the waiter is scheduled under the SCHED_DEADLINE policy) or the waiter's priority (if the waiter is scheduled under the SCHED_RR or SCHED_FIFO policy). This inheritance follows the lock chain in the case of nested locking and performs deadlock detection.

The timeout argument provides a timeout for the lock attempt. If timeout is not NULL, the structure it points to specifies an absolute timeout, measured against the CLOCK_REALTIME clock. If timeout is NULL, the operation will block indefinitely.

The uaddr2, val, and val3 arguments are ignored.

FUTEX_TRYLOCK_PI (since Linux 2.6.18)

This operation tries to acquire the lock at uaddr. It is invoked when a user-space atomic acquire did not succeed because the futex word was not 0.

Because the kernel has access to more state information than user space, acquisition of the lock might succeed if performed by the kernel in cases where the futex word (i.e., the state information accessible to use-space) contains stale state (FUTEX_WAITERS and/or FUTEX_OWNER_DIED). This can happen when the owner of the futex died. User space cannot handle this condition in a race-free manner, but the kernel can fix this up and acquire the futex.

The uaddr2, val, timeout, and val3 arguments are ignored.

FUTEX_UNLOCK_PI (since Linux 2.6.18)

This operation wakes the top priority waiter that is waiting in FUTEX_LOCK_PI on the futex address provided by the uaddr argument.

This is called when the user-space value at uaddr cannot be changed atomically from a TID (of the owner) to 0.

The uaddr2, val, timeout, and val3 arguments are ignored.

FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI (since Linux 2.6.31)

This operation is a PI-aware variant of FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE. It requeues waiters that are blocked via FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI on uaddr from a non-PI source futex (uaddr) to a PI target futex (uaddr2).

As with FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE, this operation wakes up a maximum of val waiters that are waiting on the futex at uaddr. However, for FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI, val is required to be 1 (since the main point is to avoid a thundering herd). The remaining waiters are removed from the wait queue of the source futex at uaddr and added to the wait queue of the target futex at uaddr2.

The val2 and val3 arguments serve the same purposes as for FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE.

FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI (since Linux 2.6.31)

Wait on a non-PI futex at uaddr and potentially be requeued (via a FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI operation in another task) onto a PI futex at uaddr2. The wait operation on uaddr is the same as for FUTEX_WAIT.

The waiter can be removed from the wait on uaddr without requeueing on uaddr2 via a FUTEX_WAKE operation in another task. In this case, the FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI operation fails with the error EAGAIN.

If timeout is not NULL, the structure it points to specifies an absolute timeout for the wait operation. If timeout is NULL, the operation can block indefinitely.

The val3 argument is ignored.

The FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI and FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI were added to support a fairly specific use case: support for priority-inheritance-aware POSIX threads condition variables. The idea is that these operations should always be paired, in order to ensure that user space and the kernel remain in sync. Thus, in the FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI operation, the user-space application pre-specifies the target of the requeue that takes place in the FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI operation.

/* futex_demo.c

   Usage: futex_demo [nloops]
                    (Default: 5)

   Demonstrate the use of futexes in a program where parent and child
   use a pair of futexes located inside a shared anonymous mapping to
   synchronize access to a shared resource: the terminal. The two
   processes each write 'num-loops' messages to the terminal and employ
   a synchronization protocol that ensures that they alternate in
   writing messages.
*/
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdatomic.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <linux/futex.h>
#include <sys/time.h>

#define errExit(msg)    do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
                        } while (0)

static int *futex1, *futex2, *iaddr;

static int
futex(int *uaddr, int futex_op, int val,
      const struct timespec *timeout, int *uaddr2, int val3)
{
    return syscall(SYS_futex, uaddr, futex_op, val,
                   timeout, uaddr, val3);
}

/* Acquire the futex pointed to by 'futexp': wait for its value to
   become 1, and then set the value to 0. */

static void
fwait(int *futexp)
{
    int s;

    /* atomic_compare_exchange_strong(ptr, oldval, newval)
       atomically performs the equivalent of:

           if (*ptr == *oldval)
               *ptr = newval;

       It returns true if the test yielded true and *ptr was updated. */

    while (1) {

        /* Is the futex available? */
        const int zero = 0;
        if (atomic_compare_exchange_strong(futexp, &zero, 1))
            break;      /* Yes */

        /* Futex is not available; wait */

        s = futex(futexp, FUTEX_WAIT, 0, NULL, NULL, 0);
        if (s == -1 && errno != EAGAIN)
            errExit("futex-FUTEX_WAIT");
    }
}

/* Release the futex pointed to by 'futexp': if the futex currently
   has the value 0, set its value to 1 and the wake any futex waiters,
   so that if the peer is blocked in fpost(), it can proceed. */

static void
fpost(int *futexp)
{
    int s;

    /* atomic_compare_exchange_strong() was described in comments above */

    const int one = 1;
    if (atomic_compare_exchange_strong(futexp, &one, 0)) {
        s = futex(futexp, FUTEX_WAKE, 1, NULL, NULL, 0);
        if (s  == -1)
            errExit("futex-FUTEX_WAKE");
    }
}

int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    pid_t childPid;
    int j, nloops;

    setbuf(stdout, NULL);

    nloops = (argc > 1) ? atoi(argv[1]) : 5;

    /* Create a shared anonymous mapping that will hold the futexes.
       Since the futexes are being shared between processes, we
       subsequently use the "shared" futex operations (i.e., not the
       ones suffixed "_PRIVATE") */

    iaddr = mmap(NULL, sizeof(int) * 2, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
                MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_SHARED, -1, 0);
    if (iaddr == MAP_FAILED)
        errExit("mmap");

    futex1 = &iaddr[0];
    futex2 = &iaddr[1];

    *futex1 = 0;        /* State: unavailable */
    *futex2 = 1;        /* State: available */

    /* Create a child process that inherits the shared anonymous
       mapping */

    childPid = fork();
    if (childPid == -1)
        errExit("fork");

    if (childPid == 0) {        /* Child */
        for (j = 0; j < nloops; j++) {
            fwait(futex1);
            printf("Child  (%ld) %d\n", (long) getpid(), j);
            fpost(futex2);
        }

        exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
    }

    /* Parent falls through to here */

    for (j = 0; j < nloops; j++) {
        fwait(futex2);
        printf("Parent (%ld) %d\n", (long) getpid(), j);
        fpost(futex1);
    }

    wait(NULL);

    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}