nfs

These options are valid to use with any NFS version.

nfsvers=n

The NFS protocol version number used to contact the server's NFS service. If the server does not support the requested version, the mount request  fails. If this option is not specified, the client tries version 4.2 first, then negotiates down until it finds a version supported by the server.

vers=n

This option is an alternative to the nfsvers option. It is included for compatibility with other operating systems

soft / hard

Determines the recovery behavior of the NFS client after an NFS request times out. If neither option is specified (or if the hard option is specified), NFS requests are retried indefinitely. If the soft option is specified, then the NFS client fails an NFS request after retrans retransmissions have been sent, causing the NFS client to return an error to the calling application.

NB: A so-called "soft" timeout can cause silent data corruption in certain cases. As such, use the soft option only when client responsiveness is more important than data integrity. Using NFS over TCP or increasing the value of the retrans option may mitigate some of the risks of using the soft option.

intr / nointr

This option is provided for backward compatibility. It is ignored after kernel 2.6.25.

timeo=n

The time in deciseconds (tenths of a second) the NFS client waits for a response before it retries an NFS request.

For NFS over TCP the default timeo value is 600 (60 seconds). The NFS client performs linear backoff: After each retransmission the  timeout is increased by timeo up to the maximum of 600 seconds.

However, for NFS over UDP, the client uses an adaptive algorithm to estimate an appropriate timeout value for frequently used request types (such as READ and WRITE requests), but uses the timeo setting for infrequently used request types (such as FSINFO requests). If the timeo option is not specified, infrequently used request types are retried after 1.1 seconds. After each retransmission, the NFS client doubles the timeout for that request, up to a maximum timeout length of 60 seconds.

retrans=n

The number of times the NFS client retries a request before it attempts further recovery action. If the retrans option is not specified, the NFS client tries each UDP request three times and each TCP request twice.

The NFS client generates a "server not responding" message after retrans retries, then attempts further recovery (depending on whether the hard mount option is in effect).

rsize=n

The maximum number of bytes in each network READ request that the NFS client can receive when reading data from a file on an NFS server. The actual data payload size of each NFS READ request is equal to or smaller than the rsize setting. The largest read payload supported by the Linux NFS client is 1,048,576 bytes (one megabyte).

The rsize value is a positive integral multiple of 1024. Specified rsize values lower than 1024 are replaced with 4096; values larger than 1048576 are replaced with 1048576. If a specified value is within the supported range but not a multiple of 1024, it is rounded down to the nearest multiple of 1024.

If an rsize value is not specified, or if the specified rsize value is larger than the maximum that either client or server can support, the client and server negotiate the largest rsize value that they can both support.

The rsize mount option as specified on the mount(8) command line appears in the /etc/mtab file. However, the effective rsize value negotiated by the client and server is reported in the /proc/mounts file.

wsize=n

The maximum number of bytes per network WRITE request that the NFS client can send when writing data to a file on an NFS server. The actual data payload size of each NFS WRITE request is equal to or smaller than the wsize setting. The largest write payload supported by the Linux NFS client is 1,048,576 bytes (one megabyte).

Similar to rsize , the wsize value is a positive integral multiple of 1024. Specified wsize values lower than 1024 are replaced with 4096; values larger than 1048576 are replaced with 1048576. If a specified value is within the supported range but not a multiple of 1024, it is rounded down to the nearest multiple of 1024.

If a wsize value is not specified, or if the specified wsize value is larger than the maximum that either client or server can support, the client and server negotiate the largest wsize value that they can both support.

The wsize mount option as specified on the mount(8) command line appears in the /etc/mtab file. However, the effective wsize value negotiated by the client and server is reported in the /proc/mounts file.

ac / noac

Selects whether the client may cache file attributes. If neither option is specified (or if ac is specified), the client caches file attributes.

To improve performance, NFS clients cache file attributes. Every few seconds, an NFS client checks the server's version of each file's attributes for updates.  Changes that occur on the server in those small intervals remain undetected until the client checks the server again. The noac option prevents clients from caching file attributes so that applications can more quickly detect file changes on the server.

In addition to preventing the client from caching file attributes, the noac option forces application writes to become synchronous so that local changes to a file become visible on the server immediately.  That way, other clients can quickly detect recent writes when they check the file's attributes.

Using the noac option provides greater cache coherence among NFS clients accessing the same files, but it extracts a significant performance penalty. As such, judicious use of file locking is encouraged instead. The Data and Metadata Coherence section contains a detailed discussion of these trade-offs.

acregmin=n

The minimum time (in seconds) that the NFS client caches attributes of a regular file before it requests fresh attribute information from a server. If this option is not specified, the NFS client uses a 3-second minimum. See the Data and Metadata Coherence section for a full discussion of attribute caching.

acregmax=n

The maximum time (in seconds) that the NFS client caches attributes of a regular file before it requests fresh attribute information from a server. If this option is not specified, the NFS client uses a 60-second maximum. See the Data and Metadata Coherence section for a full discussion of attribute caching.

acdirmin=n

The minimum time (in seconds) that the NFS client caches attributes of a directory before it requests fresh attribute information from a server. If this option is not specified, the NFS client uses a 30-second minimum. See the Data and Metadata Coherence section for a full discussion of attribute caching.

acdirmax=n

The maximum time (in seconds) that the NFS client caches attributes of a directory before it requests fresh attribute information from a server. If this option is not specified, the NFS client uses a 60-second maximum. See the Data and Metadata Coherence section for a full discussion of attribute caching.

actimeo=n

Using actimeo sets all of acregmin, acregmax, acdirmin, and acdirmax to the same value. If this option is not specified, the NFS client uses the defaults for each of these options listed above.

bg / fg

Determines how the mount(8) command behaves if an attempt to mount an export fails. The fg option causes mount(8) to exit with an error status if any part of the mount request times out or fails outright. This is called a "foreground" mount, and is the default behavior if neither the fg nor bg mount option is specified.

If the bg option is specified, a timeout or failure causes the mount(8) command to fork a child which continues to attempt to mount the export. The parent immediately returns with a zero exit code. This is known as a "background" mount.

If the local mount point directory is missing, the mount(8) command acts as if the mount request timed out. This permits nested NFS mounts specified in /etc/fstab to proceed in any order during system initialization, even if some NFS servers are not yet available. Alternatively these issues can be addressed using an automounter (refer to automount(8) for details).

rdirplus / nordirplus

Selects whether to use NFS v3 or v4 READDIRPLUS requests. If this option is not specified, the NFS client uses READDIRPLUS requests on NFS v3 or v4 mounts to read small directories. Some applications perform better if the client uses only READDIR requests for all directories.

retry=n

The number of minutes that the mount(8) command retries an NFS mount operation in the foreground or background before giving up. If this option is not specified, the default value for foreground mounts is 2 minutes, and the default value for background mounts is 10000 minutes (80 minutes shy of one week). If a value of zero is specified, the mount(8) command exits immediately after the first failure.

Note that this only affects how many retries are made and doesn't affect the delay caused by each retry.  For UDP each retry takes the time determined by the timeo and retrans options, which by default will be about 7 seconds.  For TCP the default is 3 minutes, but system TCP connection timeouts will sometimes limit the timeout of each retransmission to around 2 minutes.

sec=flavors

A colon-separated list of one or more security flavors to use for accessing files on the mounted export. If the server does not support any of these flavors, the mount operation fails. If sec= is not specified, the client attempts to find a security flavor that both the client and the server supports. Valid flavors are none, sys, krb5, krb5i, and krb5p. Refer to the Security Considerations section for details.

sharecache / nosharecache

Determines how the client's data cache and attribute cache are shared when mounting the same export more than once concurrently.  Using the same cache reduces memory requirements on the client and presents identical file contents to applications when the same remote file is accessed via different mount points.

If neither option is specified, or if the sharecache option is specified, then a single cache is used for all mount points that access the same export.  If the nosharecache option is specified, then that mount point gets a unique cache.  Note that when data and attribute caches are shared, the mount options from the first mount point take effect for subsequent concurrent mounts of the same export.

As of kernel 2.6.18, the behavior specified by nosharecache is legacy caching behavior. This is considered a data risk since multiple cached copies of the same file on the same client can become out of sync following a local update of one of the copies.

resvport / noresvport

Specifies whether the NFS client should use a privileged source port when communicating with an NFS server for this mount point. If this option is not specified, or the resvport option is specified, the NFS client uses a privileged source port. If the noresvport option is specified, the NFS client uses a non-privileged source port. This option is supported in kernels 2.6.28 and later.

Using non-privileged source ports helps increase the maximum number of NFS mount points allowed on a client, but NFS servers must be configured to allow clients to connect via non-privileged source ports.

Refer to the Security Considerations section for important details.

lookupcache=mode

Specifies how the kernel manages its cache of directory entries for a given mount point. mode can be one of all, none, pos, or positive. This option is supported in kernels 2.6.28 and later.

The Linux NFS client caches the result of all NFS LOOKUP requests. If the requested directory entry exists on the server, the result is referred to as positive. If the requested directory entry does not exist on the server, the result is referred to as negative.

If this option is not specified, or if all is specified, the client assumes both types of directory cache entries are valid until their parent directory's cached attributes expire.

If pos or positive is specified, the client assumes positive entries are valid until their parent directory's cached attributes expire, but always revalidates negative entires before an application can use them.

If none is specified, the client revalidates both types of directory cache entries before an application can use them. This permits quick detection of files that were created or removed by other clients, but can impact application and server performance.

The Data and Metadata Coherence section contains a detailed discussion of these trade-offs.

fsc / nofsc

Enable/Disables the cache of (read-only) data pages to the local disk  using the FS-Cache facility. See cachefilesd(8)  and <kernel_soruce>/Documentation/filesystems/caching for detail on how to configure the FS-Cache facility. Default value is nofsc.

Use these options, along with the options in the above subsection, for NFS versions 2 and 3 only.

proto=netid

The netid determines the transport that is used to communicate with the NFS server.  Available options are udp, udp6, tcp, tcp6, and rdma. Those which end in 6 use IPv6 addresses and are only available if support for TI-RPC is built in. Others use IPv4 addresses.

Each transport protocol uses different default retrans and timeo settings. Refer to the description of these two mount options for details.

In addition to controlling how the NFS client transmits requests to the server, this mount option also controls how the mount(8) command communicates with the server's rpcbind and mountd services. Specifying a netid that uses TCP forces all traffic from the mount(8) command and the NFS client to use TCP. Specifying a netid that uses UDP forces all traffic types to use UDP.

Before using NFS over UDP, refer to the Transport Methods section.

If the proto mount option is not specified, the mount(8) command discovers which protocols the server supports and chooses an appropriate transport for each service. Refer to the Transport Methods section for more details.

udp

The udp option is an alternative to specifying proto=udp. It is included for compatibility with other operating systems.

Before using NFS over UDP, refer to the Transport Methods section.

tcp

The tcp option is an alternative to specifying proto=tcp. It is included for compatibility with other operating systems.

rdma

The rdma option is an alternative to specifying proto=rdma.

port=n

The numeric value of the server's NFS service port. If the server's NFS service is not available on the specified port, the mount request fails.

If this option is not specified, or if the specified port value is 0, then the NFS client uses the NFS service port number advertised by the server's rpcbind service. The mount request fails if the server's rpcbind service is not available, the server's NFS service is not registered with its rpcbind service, or the server's NFS service is not available on the advertised port.

mountport=n

The numeric value of the server's mountd port. If the server's mountd service is not available on the specified port, the mount request fails.

If this option is not specified, or if the specified port value is 0, then the mount(8) command uses the mountd service port number advertised by the server's rpcbind service. The mount request fails if the server's rpcbind service is not available, the server's mountd service is not registered with its rpcbind service, or the server's mountd service is not available on the advertised port.

This option can be used when mounting an NFS server through a firewall that blocks the rpcbind protocol.

mountproto=netid

The transport the NFS client uses to transmit requests to the NFS server's mountd service when performing this mount request, and when later unmounting this mount point.

netid may be one of udp, and tcp which use IPv4 address or, if TI-RPC is built into the mount.nfs command, udp6, and tcp6 which use IPv6 addresses.

This option can be used when mounting an NFS server through a firewall that blocks a particular transport. When used in combination with the proto option, different transports for mountd requests and NFS requests can be specified. If the server's mountd service is not available via the specified transport, the mount request fails.

Refer to the Transport Methods section for more on how the mountproto mount option interacts with the proto mount option.

mounthost=name

The hostname of the host running mountd. If this option is not specified, the mount(8) command assumes that the mountd service runs on the same host as the NFS service.

mountvers=n

The RPC version number used to contact the server's mountd. If this option is not specified, the client uses a version number appropriate to the requested NFS version. This option is useful when multiple NFS services are running on the same remote server host.

namlen=n

The maximum length of a pathname component on this mount. If this option is not specified, the maximum length is negotiated with the server. In most cases, this maximum length is 255 characters.

Some early versions of NFS did not support this negotiation. Using this option ensures that pathconf(3) reports the proper maximum component length to applications in such cases.

lock / nolock

Selects whether to use the NLM sideband protocol to lock files on the server. If neither option is specified (or if lock is specified), NLM locking is used for this mount point. When using the nolock option, applications can lock files, but such locks provide exclusion only against other applications running on the same client. Remote applications are not affected by these locks.

NLM locking must be disabled with the nolock option when using NFS to mount /var because /var contains files used by the NLM implementation on Linux. Using the nolock option is also required when mounting exports on NFS servers that do not support the NLM protocol.

cto / nocto

Selects whether to use close-to-open cache coherence semantics. If neither option is specified (or if cto is specified), the client uses close-to-open cache coherence semantics. If the nocto option is specified, the client uses a non-standard heuristic to determine when files on the server have changed.

Using the nocto option may improve performance for read-only mounts, but should be used only if the data on the server changes only occasionally. The Data and Metadata Coherence section discusses the behavior of this option in more detail.

acl / noacl

Selects whether to use the NFSACL sideband protocol on this mount point. The NFSACL sideband protocol is a proprietary protocol implemented in Solaris that manages Access Control Lists. NFSACL was never made a standard part of the NFS protocol specification.

If neither acl nor noacl option is specified, the NFS client negotiates with the server to see if the NFSACL protocol is supported, and uses it if the server supports it. Disabling the NFSACL sideband protocol may be necessary if the negotiation causes problems on the client or server. Refer to the Security Considerations section for more details.

local_lock=mechanism

Specifies whether to use local locking for any or both of the flock and the POSIX locking mechanisms. mechanism can be one of all, flock, posix, or none. This option is supported in kernels 2.6.37 and later.

The Linux NFS client provides a way to make locks local. This means, the applications can lock files, but such locks provide exclusion only against other applications running on the same client. Remote applications are not affected by these locks.

If this option is not specified, or if none is specified, the client assumes that the locks are not local.

If all is specified, the client assumes that both flock and POSIX locks are local.

If flock is specified, the client assumes that only flock locks are local and uses NLM sideband protocol to lock files when POSIX locks are used.

If posix is specified, the client assumes that POSIX locks are local and uses NLM sideband protocol to lock files when flock locks are used.

To support legacy flock behavior similar to that of NFS clients < 2.6.12,  use 'local_lock=flock'. This option is required when exporting NFS mounts via Samba as Samba maps Windows share mode locks as flock. Since NFS clients > 2.6.12 implement flock by emulating POSIX locks, this will result in conflicting locks.

NOTE: When used together, the 'local_lock' mount option will be overridden by 'nolock'/'lock' mount option.

Use these options, along with the options in the first subsection above, for NFS version 4.0 and newer.

proto=netid

The netid determines the transport that is used to communicate with the NFS server.  Supported options are tcp, tcp6, and rdma. tcp6 use IPv6 addresses and is only available if support for TI-RPC is built in. Both others use IPv4 addresses.

All NFS version 4 servers are required to support TCP, so if this mount option is not specified, the NFS version 4 client uses the TCP protocol. Refer to the Transport Methods section for more details.

minorversion=n

Specifies the protocol minor version number. NFSv4 introduces "minor versioning," where NFS protocol enhancements can be introduced without bumping the NFS protocol version number. Before kernel 2.6.38, the minor version is always zero, and this option is not recognized. After this kernel, specifying "minorversion=1" enables a number of advanced features, such as NFSv4 sessions.

Recent kernels allow the minor version to be specified using the vers= option. For example, specifying vers=4.1 is the same as specifying vers=4,minorversion=1.

port=n

The numeric value of the server's NFS service port. If the server's NFS service is not available on the specified port, the mount request fails.

If this mount option is not specified, the NFS client uses the standard NFS port number of 2049 without first checking the server's rpcbind service. This allows an NFS version 4 client to contact an NFS version 4 server through a firewall that may block rpcbind requests.

If the specified port value is 0, then the NFS client uses the NFS service port number advertised by the server's rpcbind service. The mount request fails if the server's rpcbind service is not available, the server's NFS service is not registered with its rpcbind service, or the server's NFS service is not available on the advertised port.

cto / nocto

Selects whether to use close-to-open cache coherence semantics for NFS directories on this mount point. If neither cto nor nocto is specified, the default is to use close-to-open cache coherence semantics for directories.

File data caching behavior is not affected by this option. The Data and Metadata Coherence section discusses the behavior of this option in more detail.

clientaddr=n.n.n.n

clientaddr=n:n:...:n

Specifies a single IPv4 address (in dotted-quad form), or a non-link-local IPv6 address, that the NFS client advertises to allow servers to perform NFS version 4.0 callback requests against files on this mount point. If  the  server is unable to establish callback connections to clients, performance may degrade, or accesses to files may temporarily hang. Can specify a value of IPv4_ANY (0.0.0.0) or equivalent IPv6 any address which will signal to the NFS server that this NFS client does not want delegations.

If this option is not specified, the mount(8) command attempts to discover an appropriate callback address automatically. The automatic discovery process is not perfect, however. In the presence of multiple client network interfaces, special routing policies, or atypical network topologies, the exact address to use for callbacks may be nontrivial to determine.

NFS protocol versions 4.1 and 4.2 use the client-established TCP connection for callback requests, so do not require the server to connect to the client.  This option is therefore only affect NFS version 4.0 mounts.

migration / nomigration

Selects whether the client uses an identification string that is compatible with NFSv4 Transparent State Migration (TSM). If the mounted server supports NFSv4 migration with TSM, specify the migration option.

Some server features misbehave in the face of a migration-compatible identification string. The nomigration option retains the use of a traditional client indentification string which is compatible with legacy NFS servers. This is also the behavior if neither option is specified. A client's open and lock state cannot be migrated transparently when it identifies itself via a traditional identification string.

This mount option has no effect with NFSv4 minor versions newer than zero, which always use TSM-compatible client identification strings.

This section applies only to NFS version 2 and version 3 mounts since NFS version 4 does not use a separate protocol for mount requests.

The Linux NFS client can use a different transport for contacting an NFS server's rpcbind service, its mountd service, its Network Lock Manager (NLM) service, and its NFS service. The exact transports employed by the Linux NFS client for each mount point depends on the settings of the transport mount options, which include proto, mountproto, udp, and tcp.

The client sends Network Status Manager (NSM) notifications via UDP no matter what transport options are specified, but listens for server NSM notifications on both UDP and TCP. The NFS Access Control List (NFSACL) protocol shares the same transport as the main NFS service.

If no transport options are specified, the Linux NFS client uses UDP to contact the server's mountd service, and TCP to contact its NLM and NFS services by default.

If the server does not support these transports for these services, the mount(8) command attempts to discover what the server supports, and then retries the mount request once using the discovered transports. If the server does not advertise any transport supported by the client or is misconfigured, the mount request fails. If the bg option is in effect, the mount command backgrounds itself and continues to attempt the specified mount request.

When the proto option, the udp option, or the tcp option is specified but the mountproto option is not, the specified transport is used to contact both the server's mountd service and for the NLM and NFS services.

If the mountproto option is specified but none of the proto, udp or tcp options are specified, then the specified transport is used for the initial mountd request, but the mount command attempts to discover what the server supports for the NFS protocol, preferring TCP if both transports are supported.

If both the mountproto and proto (or udp or tcp) options are specified, then the transport specified by the mountproto option is used for the initial mountd request, and the transport specified by the proto option (or the udp or tcp options) is used for NFS, no matter what order these options appear. No automatic service discovery is performed if these options are specified.

If any of the proto, udp, tcp, or mountproto options are specified more than once on the same mount command line, then the value of the rightmost instance of each of these options takes effect.

Using NFS over UDP on high-speed links such as Gigabit can cause silent data corruption.

The problem can be triggered at high loads, and is caused by problems in IP fragment reassembly. NFS read and writes typically transmit UDP packets of 4 Kilobytes or more, which have to be broken up into several fragments in order to be sent over the Ethernet link, which limits packets to 1500 bytes by default. This process happens at the IP network layer and is called fragmentation.

In order to identify fragments that belong together, IP assigns a 16bit IP ID value to each packet; fragments generated from the same UDP packet will have the same IP ID. The receiving system will collect these fragments and combine them to form the original UDP packet. This process is called reassembly. The default timeout for packet reassembly is 30 seconds; if the network stack does not receive all fragments of a given packet within this interval, it assumes the missing fragment(s) got lost and discards those it already received.

The problem this creates over high-speed links is that it is possible to send more than 65536 packets within 30 seconds. In fact, with heavy NFS traffic one can observe that the IP IDs repeat after about 5 seconds.

This has serious effects on reassembly: if one fragment gets lost, another fragment from a different packet but with the same IP ID will arrive within the 30 second timeout, and the network stack will combine these fragments to form a new packet. Most of the time, network layers above IP will detect this mismatched reassembly - in the case of UDP, the UDP checksum, which is a 16 bit checksum over the entire packet payload, will usually not match, and UDP will discard the bad packet.

However, the UDP checksum is 16 bit only, so there is a chance of 1 in 65536 that it will match even if the packet payload is completely random (which very often isn't the case). If that is the case, silent data corruption will occur.

This potential should be taken seriously, at least on Gigabit Ethernet. Network speeds of 100Mbit/s should be considered less problematic, because with most traffic patterns IP ID wrap around will take much longer than 30 seconds.

It is therefore strongly recommended to use NFS over TCP where possible, since TCP does not perform fragmentation.

If you absolutely have to use NFS over UDP over Gigabit Ethernet, some steps can be taken to mitigate the problem and reduce the probability of corruption:

Jumbo frames:

Many Gigabit network cards are capable of transmitting frames bigger than the 1500 byte limit of traditional Ethernet, typically 9000 bytes. Using jumbo frames of 9000 bytes will allow you to run NFS over UDP at a page size of 8K without fragmentation. Of course, this is only feasible if all involved stations support jumbo frames.

To enable a machine to send jumbo frames on cards that support it, it is sufficient to configure the interface for a MTU value of 9000.

Lower reassembly timeout:

By lowering this timeout below the time it takes the IP ID counter to wrap around, incorrect reassembly of fragments can be prevented as well. To do so, simply write the new timeout value (in seconds) to the file /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ipfrag_time.

A value of 2 seconds will greatly reduce the probability of IPID clashes on a single Gigabit link, while still allowing for a reasonable timeout when receiving fragmented traffic from distant peers.

Typically file sharing is completely sequential. First client A opens a file, writes something to it, then closes it. Then client B opens the same file, and reads the changes.

When an application opens a file stored on an NFS version 3 server, the NFS client checks that the file exists on the server and is permitted to the opener by sending a GETATTR or ACCESS request. The NFS client sends these requests regardless of the freshness of the file's cached attributes.

When the application closes the file, the NFS client writes back any pending changes to the file so that the next opener can view the changes. This also gives the NFS client an opportunity to report write errors to the application via the return code from close(2).

The behavior of checking at open time and flushing at close time is referred to as close-to-open cache consistency, or CTO. It can be disabled for an entire mount point using the nocto mount option.

There are still opportunities for a client's data cache to contain stale data. The NFS version 3 protocol introduced "weak cache consistency" (also known as WCC) which provides a way of efficiently checking a file's attributes before and after a single request. This allows a client to help identify changes that could have been made by other clients.

When a client is using many concurrent operations that update the same file at the same time (for example, during asynchronous write behind), it is still difficult to tell whether it was that client's updates or some other client's updates that altered the file.

Use the noac mount option to achieve attribute cache coherence among multiple clients. Almost every file system operation checks file attribute information. The client keeps this information cached for a period of time to reduce network and server load. When noac is in effect, a client's file attribute cache is disabled, so each operation that needs to check a file's attributes is forced to go back to the server. This permits a client to see changes to a file very quickly, at the cost of many extra network operations.

Be careful not to confuse the noac option with "no data caching." The noac mount option prevents the client from caching file metadata, but there are still races that may result in data cache incoherence between client and server.

The NFS protocol is not designed to support true cluster file system cache coherence without some type of application serialization. If absolute cache coherence among clients is required, applications should use file locking. Alternatively, applications can also open their files with the O_DIRECT flag to disable data caching entirely.

NFS servers are responsible for managing file and directory timestamps (atime, ctime, and mtime). When a file is accessed or updated on an NFS server, the file's timestamps are updated just like they would be on a filesystem local to an application.

NFS clients cache file attributes, including timestamps. A file's timestamps are updated on NFS clients when its attributes are retrieved from the NFS server. Thus there may be some delay before timestamp updates on an NFS server appear to applications on NFS clients.

To comply with the POSIX filesystem standard, the Linux NFS client relies on NFS servers to keep a file's mtime and ctime timestamps properly up to date. It does this by flushing local data changes to the server before reporting mtime to applications via system calls such as stat(2).

The Linux client handles atime updates more loosely, however. NFS clients maintain good performance by caching data, but that means that application reads, which normally update atime, are not reflected to the server where a file's atime is actually maintained.

Because of this caching behavior, the Linux NFS client does not support generic atime-related mount options. See mount(8) for details on these options.

In particular, the atime/noatime, diratime/nodiratime, relatime/norelatime, and strictatime/nostrictatime mount options have no effect on NFS mounts.

/proc/mounts may report that the relatime mount option is set on NFS mounts, but in fact the atime semantics are always as described here, and are not like relatime semantics.

The Linux NFS client caches the result of all NFS LOOKUP requests. If the requested directory entry exists on the server, the result is referred to as a positive lookup result. If the requested directory entry does not exist on the server (that is, the server returned ENOENT), the result is referred to as negative lookup result.

To detect when directory entries have been added or removed on the server, the Linux NFS client watches a directory's mtime. If the client detects a change in a directory's mtime, the client drops all cached LOOKUP results for that directory. Since the directory's mtime is a cached attribute, it may take some time before a client notices it has changed. See the descriptions of the acdirmin, acdirmax, and noac mount options for more information about how long a directory's mtime is cached.

Caching directory entries improves the performance of applications that do not share files with applications on other clients. Using cached information about directories can interfere with applications that run concurrently on multiple clients and need to detect the creation or removal of files quickly, however. The lookupcache mount option allows some tuning of directory entry caching behavior.

Before kernel release 2.6.28, the Linux NFS client tracked only positive lookup results. This permitted applications to detect new directory entries created by other clients quickly while still providing some of the performance benefits of caching. If an application depends on the previous lookup caching behavior of the Linux NFS client, you can use lookupcache=positive.

If the client ignores its cache and validates every application lookup request with the server, that client can immediately detect when a new directory entry has been either created or removed by another client. You can specify this behavior using lookupcache=none. The extra NFS requests needed if the client does not cache directory entries can exact a performance penalty. Disabling lookup caching should result in less of a performance penalty than using noac, and has no effect on how the NFS client caches the attributes of files.

The NFS client treats the sync mount option differently than some other file systems (refer to mount(8) for a description of the generic sync and async mount options). If neither sync nor async is specified (or if the async option is specified), the NFS client delays sending application writes to the server until any of these events occur:

Memory pressure forces reclamation of system memory resources.

An application flushes file data explicitly with sync(2), msync(2), or fsync(3).

An application closes a file with close(2).

The file is locked/unlocked via fcntl(2).

In other words, under normal circumstances, data written by an application may not immediately appear on the server that hosts the file.

If the sync option is specified on a mount point, any system call that writes data to files on that mount point causes that data to be flushed to the server before the system call returns control to user space. This provides greater data cache coherence among clients, but at a significant performance cost.

Applications can use the O_SYNC open flag to force application writes to individual files to go to the server immediately without the use of the sync mount option.

The Network Lock Manager protocol is a separate sideband protocol used to manage file locks in NFS version 2 and version 3. To support lock recovery after a client or server reboot, a second sideband protocol -- known as the Network Status Manager protocol -- is also required. In NFS version 4, file locking is supported directly in the main NFS protocol, and the NLM and NSM sideband protocols are not used.

In most cases, NLM and NSM services are started automatically, and no extra configuration is required. Configure all NFS clients with fully-qualified domain names to ensure that NFS servers can find clients to notify them of server reboots.

NLM supports advisory file locks only. To lock NFS files, use fcntl(2) with the F_GETLK and F_SETLK commands. The NFS client converts file locks obtained via flock(2) to advisory locks.

When mounting servers that do not support the NLM protocol, or when mounting an NFS server through a firewall that blocks the NLM service port, specify the nolock mount option. NLM locking must be disabled with the nolock option when using NFS to mount /var because /var contains files used by the NLM implementation on Linux.

Specifying the nolock option may also be advised to improve the performance of a proprietary application which runs on a single client and uses file locks extensively.

The data and metadata caching behavior of NFS version 4 clients is similar to that of earlier versions. However, NFS version 4 adds two features that improve cache behavior: change attributes and file delegation.

The change attribute is a new part of NFS file and directory metadata which tracks data changes. It replaces the use of a file's modification and change time stamps as a way for clients to validate the content of their caches. Change attributes are independent of the time stamp resolution on either the server or client, however.

A file delegation is a contract between an NFS version 4 client and server that allows the client to treat a file temporarily as if no other client is accessing it. The server promises to notify the client (via a callback request) if another client attempts to access that file. Once a file has been delegated to a client, the client can cache that file's data and metadata aggressively without contacting the server.

File delegations come in two flavors: read and write. A read delegation means that the server notifies the client about any other clients that want to write to the file. A write delegation means that the client gets notified about either read or write accessors.

Servers grant file delegations when a file is opened, and can recall delegations at any time when another client wants access to the file that conflicts with any delegations already granted. Delegations on directories are not supported.

In order to support delegation callback, the server checks the network return path to the client during the client's initial contact with the server. If contact with the client cannot be established, the server simply does not grant any delegations to that client.

The NFS version 4 protocol allows a client to renegotiate the security flavor when the client crosses into a new filesystem on the server. The newly negotiated flavor effects only accesses of the new filesystem.

Such negotiation typically occurs when a client crosses from a server's pseudo-fs into one of the server's exported physical filesystems, which often have more restrictive security settings than the pseudo-fs.

In NFS version 4, a lease is a period of time during which a server irrevocably grants a file lock to a client. If the lease expires, the server is allowed to revoke that lock. Clients periodically renew their leases to prevent lock revocation.

After an NFS version 4 server reboots, each client tells the server about all file open and lock state under its lease before operation can continue. If the client reboots, the server frees all open and lock state associated with that client's lease.

As part of establishing a lease, therefore, a client must identify itself to a server. A fixed string is used to distinguish that client from others, and a changeable verifier is used to indicate when the client has rebooted.

A client uses a particular security flavor and principal when performing the operations to establish a lease. If two clients happen to present the same identity string, a server can use their principals to detect that they are different clients, and prevent one client from interfering with the other's lease.

The Linux NFS client establishes one lease for each server. Lease management operations, such as lease renewal, are not done on behalf of a particular file, lock, user, or mount point, but on behalf of the whole client that owns that lease. These operations must use the same security flavor and principal that was used when the lease was established, even across client reboots.

When Kerberos is configured on a Linux NFS client (i.e., there is a /etc/krb5.keytab on that client), the client attempts to use a Kerberos security flavor for its lease management operations. This provides strong authentication of the client to each server it contacts. By default, the client uses the host/ or nfs/ service principal in its /etc/krb5.keytab for this purpose.

If the client has Kerberos configured, but the server does not, or if the client does not have a keytab or the requisite service principals, the client uses AUTH_SYS and UID 0 for lease management.

NFS clients usually communicate with NFS servers via network sockets. Each end of a socket is assigned a port value, which is simply a number between 1 and 65535 that distinguishes socket endpoints at the same IP address. A socket is uniquely defined by a tuple that includes the transport protocol (TCP or UDP) and the port values and IP addresses of both endpoints.

The NFS client can choose any source port value for its sockets, but usually chooses a privileged port. A privileged port is a port value less than 1024. Only a process with root privileges may create a socket with a privileged source port.

The exact range of privileged source ports that can be chosen is set by a pair of sysctls to avoid choosing a well-known port, such as the port used by ssh. This means the number of source ports available for the NFS client, and therefore the number of socket connections that can be used at the same time, is practically limited to only a few hundred.

As described above, the traditional default NFS authentication scheme, known as AUTH_SYS, relies on sending local UID and GID numbers to identify users making NFS requests. An NFS server assumes that if a connection comes from a privileged port, the UID and GID numbers in the NFS requests on this connection have been verified by the client's kernel or some other local authority. This is an easy system to spoof, but on a trusted physical network between trusted hosts, it is entirely adequate.

Roughly speaking, one socket is used for each NFS mount point. If a client could use non-privileged source ports as well, the number of sockets allowed, and thus the maximum number of concurrent mount points, would be much larger.

Using non-privileged source ports may compromise server security somewhat, since any user on AUTH_SYS mount points can now pretend to be any other when making NFS requests. Thus NFS servers do not support this by default. They explicitly allow it usually via an export option.

To retain good security while allowing as many mount points as possible, it is best to allow non-privileged client connections only if the server and client both require strong authentication, such as Kerberos.

A firewall may reside between an NFS client and server, or the client or server may block some of its own ports via IP filter rules. It is still possible to mount an NFS server through a firewall, though some of the mount(8) command's automatic service endpoint discovery mechanisms may not work; this requires you to provide specific endpoint details via NFS mount options.

NFS servers normally run a portmapper or rpcbind daemon to advertise their service endpoints to clients. Clients use the rpcbind daemon to determine:

What network port each RPC-based service is using

What transport protocols each RPC-based service supports

The rpcbind daemon uses a well-known port number (111) to help clients find a service endpoint. Although NFS often uses a standard port number (2049), auxiliary services such as the NLM service can choose any unused port number at random.

Common firewall configurations block the well-known rpcbind port. In the absense of an rpcbind service, the server administrator fixes the port number of NFS-related services so that the firewall can allow access to specific NFS service ports. Client administrators then specify the port number for the mountd service via the mount(8) command's mountport option. It may also be necessary to enforce the use of TCP or UDP if the firewall blocks one of those transports.

Solaris allows NFS version 3 clients direct access to POSIX Access Control Lists stored in its local file systems. This proprietary sideband protocol, known as NFSACL, provides richer access control than mode bits. Linux implements this protocol for compatibility with the Solaris NFS implementation. The NFSACL protocol never became a standard part of the NFS version 3 specification, however.

The NFS version 4 specification mandates a new version of Access Control Lists that are semantically richer than POSIX ACLs. NFS version 4 ACLs are not fully compatible with POSIX ACLs; as such, some translation between the two is required in an environment that mixes POSIX ACLs and NFS version 4.

For mount points that use NFS versions 2 or 3, the NFS umount subcommand depends on knowing the original set of mount options used to perform the MNT operation. These options are stored on disk by the NFS mount subcommand, and can be erased by a remount.

To ensure that the saved mount options are not erased during a remount, specify either the local mount directory, or the server hostname and export pathname, but not both, during a remount.  For example,

	mount -o remount,ro /mnt

merges the mount option ro with the mount options already saved on disk for the NFS server mounted at /mnt.