PIE — Proportional Integral controller-Enhanced AQM algorithm
Synopsis
tc qdisc ... pie [ limit PACKETS ] [ target TIME ] [ tupdate TIME ] [ alpha int ] [ beta int ] [ ecn | noecn ] [ bytemode | nobytemode ]
Description
Proportional Integral controller-Enhanced (PIE) is a control theoretic active queue management scheme. It is based on the proportional integral controller but aims to control delay. The main design goals are
o Low latency control
o High link utilization
o Simple implementation
o Guaranteed stability and fast responsiveness
Algorithm
PIE is designed to control delay effectively. First, an average dequeue rate is estimated based on the standing queue. The rate is used to calculate the current delay. Then, on a periodic basis, the delay is used to calculate the dropping probabilty. Finally, on arrival, a packet is dropped (or marked) based on this probability.
PIE makes adjustments to the probability based on the trend of the delay i.e. whether it is going up or down.The delay converges quickly to the target value specified.
alpha and beta are statically chosen parameters chosen to control the drop probability growth and are determined through control theoretic approaches. alpha determines how the deviation between the current and target latency changes probability. beta exerts additional adjustments depending on the latency trend.
The drop probabilty is used to mark packets in ecn mode. However, as in RED, beyond 10% packets are dropped based on this probability. The bytemode is used to drop packets proportional to the packet size.
Additional details can be found in the paper cited below.
Parameters
limit
limit on the queue size in packets. Incoming packets are dropped when this limit is reached. Default is 1000 packets.
target
is the expected queue delay. The default target delay is 15ms.
tupdate
is the frequency at which the system drop probability is calculated. The default is 15ms.
alpha
beta
alpha and beta are parameters chosen to control the drop probability. These should be in the range between 0 and 32.
ecn | noecn
is used to mark packets instead of dropping ecn to turn on ecn mode, noecn to turn off ecn mode. By default, ecn is turned off.
bytemode | nobytemode
is used to scale drop probability proportional to packet size bytemode to turn on bytemode, nobytemode to turn off bytemode. By default, bytemode is turned off.
Examples
# tc qdisc add dev eth0 root pie
# tc -s qdisc show
qdisc pie 8036: dev eth0 root refcnt 2 limit 1000p target 15.0ms tupdate 16.0ms alpha 2 beta 20
Sent 31216108 bytes 20800 pkt (dropped 80, overlimits 0 requeues 0)
backlog 16654b 11p requeues 0
prob 0.006161 delay 15666us avg_dq_rate 1159667
pkts_in 20811 overlimit 0 dropped 80 maxq 50 ecn_mark 0
# tc qdisc add dev eth0 root pie limit 100 target 20ms tupdate 30ms ecn
# tc -s qdisc show
qdisc pie 8036: dev eth0 root refcnt 2 limit 100p target 20.0ms tupdate 32.0ms alpha 2 beta 20 ecn
Sent 6591724 bytes 4442 pkt (dropped 27, overlimits 0 requeues 0)
backlog 18168b 12p requeues 0
prob 0.008845 delay 11348us avg_dq_rate 1342773
pkts_in 4454 overlimit 0 dropped 27 maxq 65 ecn_mark 0
# tc qdisc add dev eth0 root pie limit 100 target 50ms tupdate 30ms bytemode
# tc -s qdisc show
qdisc pie 8036: dev eth0 root refcnt 2 limit 100p target 50.0ms tupdate 32.0ms alpha 2 beta 20 bytemode
Sent 1616274 bytes 1137 pkt (dropped 0, overlimits 0 requeues 0)
backlog 13626b 9p requeues 0
prob 0.000000 delay 0us avg_dq_rate 0
pkts_in 1146 overlimit 0 dropped 0 maxq 23 ecn_mark 0
See Also
Sources
o RFC 8033: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8033