loop

Synopsis

#include <linux/loop.h>

Description

The loop device is a block device that maps its data blocks not to a physical device such as a hard disk or optical disk drive, but to the blocks of a regular file in a filesystem or to another block device. This can be useful for example to provide a block device for a filesystem image stored in a file, so that it can be mounted with the mount(8) command. You could do

$ dd if=/dev/zero of=file.img bs=1MiB count=10
$ sudo losetup /dev/loop4 file.img 
$ sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/loop4
$ sudo mkdir /myloopdev
$ sudo mount /dev/loop4 /myloopdev

See losetup(8) for another example.

A transfer function can be specified for each loop device for encryption and decryption purposes.

The following ioctl(2) operations are provided by the loop block device:

LOOP_SET_FD

Associate the loop device with the open file whose file descriptor is passed as the (third) ioctl(2) argument.

LOOP_CLR_FD

Disassociate the loop device from any file descriptor.

LOOP_SET_STATUS

Set the status of the loop device using the (third) ioctl(2) argument. This argument is a pointer to loop_info structure, defined in <linux/loop.h> as:

struct loop_info {
    int           lo_number;            /* ioctl r/o */
    dev_t         lo_device;            /* ioctl r/o */
    unsigned long lo_inode;             /* ioctl r/o */
    dev_t         lo_rdevice;           /* ioctl r/o */
    int           lo_offset;
    int           lo_encrypt_type;
    int           lo_encrypt_key_size;  /* ioctl w/o */
    int           lo_flags;             /* ioctl r/o */
    char          lo_name[LO_NAME_SIZE];
    unsigned char lo_encrypt_key[LO_KEY_SIZE];
                                        /* ioctl w/o */
    unsigned long lo_init[2];
    char          reserved[4];
};

The encryption type (lo_encrypt_type) should be one of LO_CRYPT_NONE, LO_CRYPT_XOR, LO_CRYPT_DES, LO_CRYPT_FISH2, LO_CRYPT_BLOW, LO_CRYPT_CAST128, LO_CRYPT_IDEA, LO_CRYPT_DUMMY, LO_CRYPT_SKIPJACK, or (since Linux 2.6.0) LO_CRYPT_CRYPTOAPI.

The lo_flags field is a bit mask that can include zero or more of the following:

LO_FLAGS_READ_ONLY

The loopback device is read-only.

LO_FLAGS_AUTOCLEAR (since Linux 2.6.25)

The loopback device will autodestruct on last close.

LO_FLAGS_PARTSCAN (since Linux 3.2)

Allow automatic partition scanning.

LOOP_GET_STATUS

Get the status of the loop device. The (third) ioctl(2) argument must be a pointer to a struct loop_info.

LOOP_CHANGE_FD (since Linux 2.6.5)

Switch the backing store of the loop device to the new file identified file descriptor specified in the (third) ioctl(2) argument, which is an integer. This operation is possible only if the loop device is read-only and the new backing store is the same size and type as the old backing store.

LOOP_SET_CAPACITY (since Linux 2.6.30)

Resize a live loop device. One can change the size of the underlying backing store and then use this operation so that the loop driver learns about the new size. This operation takes no argument.

Since Linux 2.6, there are two new ioctl(2) operations:

LOOP_SET_STATUS64, LOOP_GET_STATUS64

These are similar to LOOP_SET_STATUS and LOOP_GET_STATUS described above but use the loop_info64 structure, which has some additional fields and a larger range for some other fields:

struct loop_info64 {
    uint64_t lo_device;                   /* ioctl r/o */
    uint64_t lo_inode;                    /* ioctl r/o */
    uint64_t lo_rdevice;                  /* ioctl r/o */
    uint64_t lo_offset;
    uint64_t lo_sizelimit;/* bytes, 0 == max available */
    uint32_t lo_number;                   /* ioctl r/o */
    uint32_t lo_encrypt_type;
    uint32_t lo_encrypt_key_size;         /* ioctl w/o */
    uint32_t lo_flags;                    /* ioctl r/o */
    uint8_t  lo_file_name[LO_NAME_SIZE];
    uint8_t  lo_crypt_name[LO_NAME_SIZE];
    uint8_t  lo_encrypt_key[LO_KEY_SIZE]; /* ioctl w/o */
    uint64_t lo_init[2];
};

Files

/dev/loop*

The loop block special device files.

Example

The program below uses the /dev/loop-control device to find a free loop device, opens the loop device, opens a file to be used as the underlying storage for the device, and then associates the loop device with the backing store. The following shell session demonstrates the use of the program:

$ dd if=/dev/zero of=file.img bs=1MiB count=10
10+0 records in
10+0 records out
10485760 bytes (10 MB) copied, 0.00609385 s, 1.7 GB/s
$ sudo ./mnt_loop file.img
loopname = /dev/loop5

#include <fcntl.h>
#include <linux/loop.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#define errExit(msg)    do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
                        } while (0)

int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    int loopctlfd, loopfd, backingfile;
    long devnr;
    char loopname[4096];

    if (argc != 2) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s backing-file\n", argv[0]);
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    loopctlfd = open("/dev/loop-control", O_RDWR);
    if (loopctlfd == -1)
        errExit("open: /dev/loop-control");

    devnr = ioctl(loopctlfd, LOOP_CTL_GET_FREE);
    if (devnr == -1)
        errExit("ioctl-LOOP_CTL_GET_FREE");

    sprintf(loopname, "/dev/loop%ld", devnr);
    printf("loopname = %s\n", loopname);

    loopfd = open(loopname, O_RDWR);
    if (loopfd == -1)
        errExit("open: loopname");

    backingfile = open(argv[1], O_RDWR);
    if (backingfile == -1)
        errExit("open: backing-file");

    if (ioctl(loopfd, LOOP_SET_FD, backingfile) == -1)
        errExit("ioctl-LOOP_SET_FD");

    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

See Also

losetup(8), mount(8)

Colophon

This page is part of release 5.04 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest version of this page, can be found at https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.

Referenced By

nbdkit-loop(1).

The man page loop-control(4) is an alias of loop(4).